Aromatic polyepoxide treated derivatives of alkylene oxide-amine modified-phenolic resins, and method of making same



Unite; States aren't Melvin De Groote, St. Louis, and Kwan-Ting Shen, Brentwood, M0,, assignors to Petrolite Corporation, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Original application April 22, 1953, Serial No. 350,531, now Patent No. 2,771,430, dated November 20, 1956. Divided and this application June 15, 1956, Serial No. 591,553

Claims. ((1. 260-45) The present invention is a division of our copending application Serial No. 350,531, filed April 22, 1953.

Our invention is concerned with new chemical products or compounds useful as demulsifying agents in processes or procedures particularly adapted for preventing, breaking or resolving emulsions of the Water-in-oil type and particularly petroleum emulsions. Our invention is also concerned with the application of such chemical products or compounds in various other arts and industries as well as with methods of manufacturing the new chemical products or compounds which are of outstanding value in demulsification.

Attention is directed to two co-pending De Groote applications, Serial No. 310,551, filed September 19, 1952, and Serial No. 333,386, filed January 26, 1953. These two applications describe hydrophile products obtained by the oxyalkylation of the condensation product of certain phenol-aldehyde resins with respect to non-hydroxylated secondary monoamines and formaldehyde.

The present invention is concerned with a method of reacting said oxyalkylated derivatives of the kind just described with a phenolic polyepoxide of the kind previously described in our aforementioned co-pending application, Serial No. 305,079.

Thus the present invention is concerned with products of reaction obtained by a 3-step manufacturing process involving (1) condensing certain phenol aldehyde resins,

A more limited aspect of the present invention is concerned with products of reaction wherein the oxyalkylated resin condensate is reacted with a member of the class of compounds of the following formula:

in which R represents a divalent radical selected from the class consisting of ketone residues formed by the elimination of the ketonic oxygen atom and aldehyde residues obtained by the elimination of the aldehydic oxygen atom;

the divalent radical the divalent Patented Sept. 30, 1958 ice radical, the divalent sulfone radical, and the divalent monosulfide radical S--, the divalent radical and the divalent disulfide radical --S-S--; and R 0 is the divalent radical obtained by the elimination of a hydroxyl hydrogen atom and a nuclear hydrogen atom from the phenol v p in which R', R", and R' represent hydrogen and hydrocarbon substituents of the aromatic nucleus, said substituent member having not over 18 carbon atoms.

A further limited aspect of the invention is represented by the products wherein the oxyalkylated resin condensate is reacted with a member of the class of (a) compounds of the following formula:

wherein R is essentially an aliphatic hydrocarbon bridge, each n independently has one of the values 0 to 1, and R is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or even 12 carbon atoms, and

(b) cogenerically associated compounds formed inthe preparation of (a) preceding, including monoepoxides.

Reference herein to being thermoplastic or non-thermosetting characterizes products as being liquids at ordinary temperature or readily convertible to liquids by merely heating below the point of pyrolysis and thus differentiates them from infusible resins. Reference to being soluble in an organic solvent means any of the usual organic solvents, such as alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, mixed solvents, etc. Reference to solubility is merely to difierentiate from a reactant which is not soluble and might be not only insoluble but also infusible. Furthermore, solubility is a factor insofar that it is sometimes desirable to dilute the compound containing the epoxy rings before reacting with the monoepoxide-derived product. In such instances, of course, the solvent selected would have to be one which is not susceptible to oxyalkylation, as for example, kerosene, benzene, toluene, dioxane, various ketones, chlorinate solvents, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol diethylether, diethyleneglycol diethylether, and dimethoxytetraethyleneglycol.

The expression epoxy is not usually limited to the 1,2-epoxy ring. The 1,2-epoxy ring is sometimes referred to as the oxirane ring to distinguish it from other epoxy rings. Hereinafter the word epoxy unless indicated otherwise, will be used to means the oxirane ring, i. e.,

H Hz

the 1,2-epoxy ring. Furthermore, where a compound has two or moreoxirane rings they will be referred to as polyepoxides. They usually represent, of course, 1,2- epoxy rings or oxirane rings in the alpha-omega position. This is a departure, of course, from the standpoint of strictly formal nomenclature as in the example of the simplest diepoxide which contains at least 4 carbon atoms and is formally described as 1,2-epoxy-3,4-epoxybutane (1,2-3 ,4 diepoxybutane) It well may be that even though the previously suggested formula represents the principal component, or

components, of the resultant or reaction product described in the previous text, it may be important to note that somewhat similar compounds, generally of much higher molecular weight, have been described as complex resinous epoxides which are polyether derivatives of poly hydric phenols containing an average of more than one epoxide group per molecule and free from functional groups other than epoxide and hydroxyl groups. See U. S. Patent No. 2,494,295, dated January 10, 1950, to Greenlee. The compounds here included are limited to the monomers or the low molal members of such series and generally contain two epoxide rings per molecule and may be entirely free from a hydroxyl group. This is important because the instant invention is directed towards products which are not insoluble resins and have certain solubility characteristics not inherent in the usual thermosetting resins.

Having obtained a reactant having generally 2 epoxy rings as depicted in the last formula preceding, or low molal polymers thereof, it becomes obvious the reaction can take place with any oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resin by virtue of the fact that there are always present either phenolic hydroxyl radicals or alkanol radicals resulting from the oxyalkylation of the phenolic hydroxyl radicals; there may be present reactive hydrogen atoms attached to a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom, depending on whether initially there was present a hydroxylated group attached to an amino hydrogen group or a secondary amino group. In any event there is always a multiplicity of reactive hydrogen atoms present in the oxyalkylated amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin.

To illustrate the products which represent the subject matter of the present invention reference will be made to a reaction involving a mole of the oxyalkylating agent, i. e., the compound having two oxirane rings and an oxyalkylated amine condensate. Proceeding with the example previously described it is obvious the reaction ratio of two moles of the oxyalkylated amine condensate to one mole of the oxyalkylating agent gives a product which may be indicated as follows:

methanol mixture, for instance, 5% to 10% of acetone. As oxyalkylation proceeds the significance of the basicity of any nitrogen group is obviously diminished.

The polyepoxide-treated condensates obtained in the manner described are, in turn, oxyalkylation-susccptible and valuable derivatives can be obtained by further reaction with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethylene imine, etc.

Similarly, the polyepoxide-derived compounds can be reacted with a product having both a nitrogen group and a 1,2-epoxy group, such as 3-dialkylaminoepoxypropane. See U. S. Patent No. 2,520,093, dated August 22, 1950, to Gross.

Although the herein described products have a number of industrial applications, they are of particular value for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type that are commonly referred to as cut oil, roily oil, emulsified oil, etc., and which comprise fine droplets of naturally-occurring waters or brines dispersed in a more or less permanent state throughout the oil which constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion.

The new products are useful as wetting, detergent and leveling agents in the laundry, textile and dyeing industries; as wetting agents and detergents in the acid washing of building stone and brick; as wetting agents and spreaders in the application of asphalt in road building and the like; as a flotation reagent in the flotation separation of various aqueous suspensions containing negatively charged particles, such as sewage, coal washing waste water, and various trade wastes and the like; as germicides, insecticides, emulsifying agents, as, for example for cosmetics, spray oils, water-repellent textile finishes; as lubricants, etc.

For purpose of resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, we particularly prefer to use those products which as such or in the form of the free base or hydrate, i. e., combination with water or particularly in the form of a low molal organic acid salt such as the gluconates or the acetate or hydroxy acetate, have sufficiently hydrophile character to at least meet the test (Oxyalkylated condensate) in which the various characters have their previous significance and the characterization oxyalkylated condensate" is simply an abbreviation for the oxyalkylated condensate which is described in greater detail subsequently.

Such final product in turn also must be soluble but solubility is not limited to an organic solvent but may include water, or for that matter, a solution of water containing an acid such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, etc. In other words, the nitrogen groups present, whether two or more, may or may not be significantly basic and it is immaterial whether aqueous solubility represents an anhydro base or the free base (combination with water) or a salt form such as the acetate, chloride, etc. The purpose in this instance is to differentiate from insoluble resinous materials, particularly those resulting from gelation or cross-linking. Not

only does this property serve to differentiate from instances where an insoluble material is desired, but also serves to emphasize the fact that in many instances the preferred compounds have distinct water-solubility or are distinctly dispersible in 5% gulconic acid. For instance, the products freed from any solvent can be shaken with 5 to 20 times their weight of 5% gluconic acid at ordinary temperature and show at least some tendency towards being self-dispersing. The solvent which is generally tried is xylene. If xylene alone does not serve, then a mixture of xylene and methanol, for instance, 80 parts of xylene and 20 parts of methanol, or 70 parts of xylene and 30 parts of methanol, can be used. Sometimes it is desirable to add a small amount of acetone to the xylene- (Oxyalkylated condensate) set forth in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7,

' 1950, to De Groote et a1.

In said patent such test for emulsification using a waterinsoluble solvent, generally xylene, is described as an index of surface activity.

In the present instance the various condensation products as such or in the form of the free base or in the form of the acetate, may not necessarily be xylene-soluble although they are in many instances. If such compounds are not xylene-soluble the obvious chemical equivalent or equivalent chemical test can be-made by simply using some suitable solvent, preferably a water-soluble solvent such as ethylene glycol diethylether, or a low molal alco hol, or a mixture to dissolve the appropriate product being examined and then mix with the equal weight of xylene, followed by addition of water. Such test is obviously the same for the reason that there will be two phases on vigorous shaking and surface activity makes its presence manifest. It is understood the reference in the hereto appended claims as to the use of xylene in the emulsification test includes such obvious variant.

For purpose of convenience, what is said hereinafter will be divided into ten parts with Part 3, in turn, being divided into three subdivisions:

Part 1 is concerned with our preference in regard to the polyepoxide and particularly the diepoxide reactant;

Part 2 is concerned with certain theoretical aspects of diepoxide preparation;

Part 3, Subdivision A, is concerned with the prepara tion of monomeric diepoxides, including Table I;

Part 3, Subdivision B, is concerned with the preparation of low molal polymeric epoxides or mixtures containing low molal polymeric epoxides as well as the monomer and includes Table II;

Part 3, Subdivision C, is concerned with miscellaneous phenolic reactants suitable for diepoxide preparation;

Part 4 is concerned with the phenol-aldehyde resin which is subjected to modification by condensation reaction to yield an amine-modified resin;

Part 5 is concerned with appropriate basic secondary amines free from a hydroxyl radical which may be employed in the preparation of the herein-described aminemodified resins;

Part 6 is concerned with reactions involving the resin, the amine, and formaldehyde to produce specific products or compounds which are then subjected to oxyalkylation with monoepoxides.

Part 7 is concerned with the oxyalkylation of the products described in Part 6, preceding;

Part 8 is concerned with reactions involving the two preceding types of materials and examples obtained by such reactions. Generally speaking, this involves nothing more than a reaction between two moles of a previously prepared oxyalkylated amine-modified phenol-aldehyde resin condensate as described and one mole of a polyepoxide so as to yield a new and larger resin molecule or comparable product;

Part 9 is concerned with the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type by means of the previously described chemical compounds or reaction products; and

Part 10 is concerned with uses for the products herein described either as such or after modification, including any applications other than those involving resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type;

PART 1 As will be pointed out subsequently, the preparation of polyepoxides may include the formation of a small amount of material having more than two epoxide groups per molecule. If such compounds are formed they are perfectly suitable except to the extent they may tend to produce ultimate reaction products which are not solvent-soluble liquids or low melting solids. Indeed, they tend to form thermosetting resins or insoluble materials. Thus, the specific objective by and large is to produce diepoxides as free as possible from any monoepoxides and as free as possible from polyepoxides in which there are more than two epoxide groups per molecule. Thus,

for practical purposes what is said hereinafter is largely limited to polyepoxides in the form of diepoxides.

As has been pointed out previously one of the reactants employed is a diepoxide reactant. It is generally obtained from phenol (hydroxybenzene) or substituted phenol. The ordinary or conventional manufacture of the epoxides usually results in the formation of a co-generic mixture as explained subsequently. Preparation of the monomer or separation of the monomer from the remaining mass of the co-generic mixture is usually expensive. If monomers were available commercially at a low cost, or if they could be prepared without added expense for separation, our preference would be to use the monomer. Certain monomers have been prepared and described in the literature and Will be referred to subsequently. However, from a practical standpoint one must weigh the advantage, if any, that the monomer has over other low molal polymers from a cost standpoint; thus, we have found that one might as well attempt to prepare a monomer and fully recognize that there may be present, and probably invariably are present, other low molal polymers in comparatively small amounts. Thus, the materials which are most apt to be used for practical reasons are either monomers with some small amounts of polymers present or mixtures which have a substantial amount of polymers 6 present. Indeed, the mixture can be prepared free from monomers and still be satisfactory. Briefly, then, our preference is to use the monomer or the monomer with the minimum amount of higher polymers.

It has been pointed out previously that the phenolic nuclei in the epoxide reactant may be directly united, or united through a variety of divalent radicals. Actually, it is our preference to use those which are commercially available and for most practical purposes it means instances where the phenolic nuclei are either united directly without any intervening linking radical, or else united by a ketone residue or formaldehyde residue. The commercial bis-phenols available now in the open market illustrate one class. The diphenyl derivatives illustrate a second class, and the materials obtained by reacting substituted monofunctional phenols with an aldehyde illustrate the third class. All the various known classes may be used but our preference rests with these classes due to their availability and ease of preparation, and also due to the fact that the cost is lower than in other examples.

Although the diepoxide reactants can be produced in more than one way, as pointed out elsewhere, our preference is to produce them by means of the epichlorohydrin reaction referred to in detail subsequently.

One epoxide which can be purchased in the open market and contains only a modest amount of polymers corresponds to the derivative of bis-phenol A. It can be used as such, or the monomer can be separated by an added step which involves additional expense. This compound of the following structure is preferred as the epoxide reactant and will be used for illustration repeatedly with the full understanding that any of the other epoxides described are equally satisfactory, or that the higher polymers are satisfactory, or that mixtures of the monomer and higher polymers are satisfactory. The formula for this compound is Reference has just been made to bis-phenol A and a suitable epoxide derived therefrom. Bis-phenol A is dihydroxy-diphenyl-dimethyl methane, with the 4,4 isomers predominating and with lesser quantities of the 2,2 and 4,2 isomers being present. It is immaterial which one of these isomers is used and the commercially available mixture is entirely satisfactory.

Attention is again directed to the fact that in the instant part, to wit, Part 1, and in succeeding parts, the text is concerned almost'entirely with epoxides in which there is no bridging radical or the bridging radical is derived from an aldehyde or a ketone. It would be immaterial if the divalent linking radical would be derived from the other groups illustrated for the reason that nothing more than mere substitution of one compound for the other would be required. Thus, what is said hereinafter, although directed to one class or a few classes, applies with equal force and effect to the other classes of epoxide reactants.

If sulfur-containing compounds are prepared they should be freed from impurities with considerable care for the reason that any time that a low molal sulfurcontaining compound can react with epichlorohydrin there may be formed a by-product in which the chlorine happens to be particularly reactive and may represent a product, or a mixture of products, which would be unusually toxic, even though in comparatively small concentration.

PART 2 The polyepoxides and particularly the diepoxides can be derived by more than one method as, for example, the use of epichlorohydrin or glycerol dichlorohydrin. A number of problems are involved in attempting to proning at column 7, line 21.

Purely by way of illustration, the following diepoxides,

or diglycidyl ethers as they are sometimes termed, are included for purpose of illustration. These particular compounds are described in the two patents just mentioned.

TABLE I Ex- Patent ample Dlphenol Dlglyeldyl ether refernumber enee CH;(CH4OH)1 Di(epoxypropoxypbenyhmethaue 2,506,480 CH;CH(CH4OH);. Dl(epoxypropoxyphenyl)methylmethane-.. 2, 500,480 (OH3);C(C5H4OH),-. Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)d1methylmethane 2,506,480 CzH5C(CH3)(C H4OH)2 Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)ethylmethylmethane-- 2,506,480 (C1H ),C(O5H4OH)1 Dl(epoxypropoxypbenyl)diethylmetbane.--- 2,500,486 CH;O(C;H1)(CH4OH):.- Di(eopxypropoxyphenyl)methylpropylmethane- 2,500,480 CH3C(CH )(CH4OH):.. D1(epoxyproporyphenyl)methy1phenylmethane.. 2,506,480 C1H50(O0H5)(CQH4OH)EI- Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)ethylphenylmethane- 2, 500,480 O:H1O(CH (CQH4OH)2- Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)gropyl hen lmethane- 2, 506,486 O4H9O(C H )(C H4OH)1- Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl) utylp eny metbane 2, 506,486 (OH:CaH4)CH(COH-1OH)2 Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl) tolylmcthane 2, 500, 480 (011305114) 0 (CH3) (CQHlOEDR- Di(ep0xypropoxyphenyl) tolylmethylmethan 2, 506, 480 13A. Dlhydroxy diphenyl 4,4-his(2,3-epoxyprop0xy)diphenyl 2, 530,353 14A-.. (CH3)O(O4H5.OH3OH)1 2,2-b1s(4-(2,3epoxypropoxy)2-tertiarybuty1ph 2, 530,353

PART 3 Subdivision B Subdivision A The preparations of the diepoxy derivatives of the diphenols, which are sometimes referred to as diglycidyl ethers, have been described in a number of patents. For convenience, reference will be made to two only, to wit,

aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,506,486, and aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,530,353.

H: H H:

over-simplification.

TABLE H 30 therein provided one still bears in mind it is in essence an Hg E El (in which the characters have their previous significance) Example R1O- from HR1OH --R n 1: Remarks number B1 Hydroxy benzene CH; 1 0,1,2 Phenol known as biahenol A. Low polymeric mixture a out if or more where n=0, remainder largely where l n=1, some where n=2. CH:

13 do CH; 1 0, 1, 2 Phenol known as bis-phenol B. See note regarding B1 above. H: UH:

B3 Orthobutylphenol CH; 1 0,1,2 Even though n is preferably 0, yet the l usual reaction product might well con- C tain materials where 1; is 1, or to a A lesser degree 2.

B4 Orthoamylphenol CH; 1 0,1,2 Do.

CHI

B5 Orthooctylphenol CH; 1 0,1,2 Do.

B6 Orthononylphenol CH: 1 0,1,2 Do.

B7 Orthododecylphenol EH: 1 0,1,2 Do.

BR Metecresnl CH; 1 0,1,2 See prior note. This phenol used an I initial material is known as bis-phenol C O. For other suitable bis-phenols see (13H U. S. Patent 2,564,191,

TABLE '11 (continued) Example R10from I HR OH R- h l n 'ilern'arks Number B9 Metacresol H; 1 0,1,2 'see'prromote.

(EH, Hg

B10 Dibutyl(ortho-para)phenol. V g; 1 0,1,2 D0.

1311 Diamyl (ortho-para) phenol. g 1 0,1,2 D0.

B12 Dioctyl (ortho-para) phenol. lg 1 0,1,2 D0.

B13 Dinonyl(ortho-para)phenol. 16! 1 0,1,2 150; H

B14 Diamyl (ortho-para) phenol. g 1 0,1,2 D01 1315 .-do 1 5 1 0,1,2 Do.

B16 Hydroxy benzene (I) 1 0,1,2 Do.

1317-.---. Diamyl phenol (ortho-para)- -SS 1 0,1,2 Do.

B18 --do 's 1 7 0,1,2 Do.

B19 Dibutyl phenol (ortho-para). 1 0,1,2 Do.

B20 .-do.. H H 1 0, 1,2 Do.

B21 Dinouylphenol(ortho-para). 161 g 1 0,1,2 Do.

B22 Hydroxy benzene 1 0,1,2 Do.

B23 ...(10 None 0 0,1,2 Do.

B24.. Ortho-isopropyl phenol CH; 1 0,1,2 See prior note. As to preparation 014,4-

1 isopropyhdene bis-(2-1sopropylphenol) hoe. see U. S. Patent No. 2,482,748, dated Sept. 27, 1949, to Diet'zler. CH3 I 325...... Para-octyl phenol CH:"SCfiz I -1, 0,1,2 See priornote. (As to preparation of the phenol sulfide see U. S. Patent No. 2,488,134, dated Nov. 15, 1949,, to Mikeska et al.)

326...... Hydroxy benzene CH; 1. 0,1,2 See priornote. (As to preparation of the phenol sulfide see U. 8. Patent No. 2,526,545.)

"EU: ,I C 13 Subdivision C group such as the phenyl group or cyclohexyl group as The prior examples have been limited largely to those Elli-1 Ii Such sub ituents are usually in the ortho position and stituted, and the substituent group in turn may be a cyclic '75 tance of cyclohexylpheno l or phenylphenol.

maybe illustrated by a phenol 'of the following composition:

saw

Similar phenols which are monofunctional, for instance,

paraphenyl phenol or paracyclohexyl phenol with an additional substituent in the ortho position, may be employed in reactions previously referred to, for instance, with formaldehyde or sulfur chlorides to give comparable phenolic compounds having 2 hydroxyls and suitable for subsequent reaction with epichlorohydrin, etc.

Other samples include:

H OH

H mfiifim I CH1 HI wherein R, is a substituent selected from the class consisting of secondary butyl and tertiary butyl groups and R, is a substituent selected from the class consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups, and

wherein said alkyl group contains at least 3 carbon atoms. See U. S. Patent No. 2,515,907.

See U. S. Patent No. 2,504,064.

wherein R is a member of the group consisting of alkyl, and alkoxyalkyl radicals containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, inclusive, and aryl and chloraryl radicals of the benzene series. See U. S. Patent No. 2,526,545.

OH OH Ills B1 -E R1 on. on,

wherein R, is a substituent selected from the class conin which the C H groups are secondary amyl groups.

'12 sisting of secondary butyl and tertiary butyl groups and R, is a substituent selected from the class consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups. See

U. s. Patent No. 2,515,906.

See U. s. Patent No. 2,515,908.

As to sulfides, the following compound is of interest:

CrHu ClHu Q Q See U. S. Patent No. 2,331,448.

As to descriptions of various suitable phenol sulfides,

reference is made to the following patents: U. S. Patents Nos. 2,246,321, 2,207,719, 2,174,248, 2,139,766, 2,244,-

021, and 2,195,539.

As to sulfones, see U. S. Patent No. 2,122,958. As to suitable compounds obtained by the use of formaldehyde or some other aldehyde, particularly compounds such as H H 0 o Alkyl R Alkyl Alkyl Alkyl in which R; is a methylene radical, or a substituted methylene radical which represents the residue of an aldehyde and is preferably the unsubstituted methylene radical derived from formaldehyde. See U. S. Patent No. 2,430,- 002.

See also U. S. Patent No. 2,581,919 which describes di(dialkyl cresol) sulfides which includes the monosulfides, the disulfides, and the polysulfides. The following formula represents the various dicresol sulfides of this invention:

CH: CH;

OH OH in which R, and R, are alkyl groups, the sum of whose carbon atoms equals 6 to about 20, and R and R, each preferably contain 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, and x is 1 to 4. The term sulfides as used in this text, therefore,

includes monosulfide, disulfide, and polysulfides.

PART 4 it is well known that one can readily purchase on the -open market, or prepare, fusible, organic solvent-soluble,

In the above formula 11 represents a small whole number varying from 1 to 6, 7 or 8, or more, up to probably 10 or 12 units, particularly when the resin is subjected to heating under a vacuum as described in the literature. A limited sub-genus is in the instance of low molecular weight polymers where the total number of phenol nuclei varies from 3 to 6, i. e., n varies from 1 to 4; R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent, generally an alkyl radical having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a 'butyl, amyl, hexyl, decyl or dodecyl radical. Where the divalent bridge radical is shown as being derived from formaldehyde it may, of course, be derived from any other reactive aldehyde having 8 carbon atoms or less.

Because a resin is organic solvent-soluble does not mean it is necessarily soluble in any organic solvent. This is particularly true where the resins are derived from trifunctional phenols as previously noted. However, even when obtained from a difunctional phenol, for instance paraphenylphenol, one may obtain a resin which is not soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene, or xylene, but requires an oxygenated solvent such as a low molal alcohol, dioxane, or diethyleneglycol diethylether. Sometimes a mixture of the two solvents (oxygenated and nonoxygenated) will serve. See Example 9a of U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Keiser.

The resins herein employed as raw materials must be soluble in a nonoxygenated solvent, such as benzene or Xylene. This presents no problem insofar that all that is required is to make a solubility test on commercially available resins, or else prepare resins which are Xylene or benzene-soluble as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365, or in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7, 1950, to DeGroote and Keiser. In said patent there are described oxyalkylation-suscepti'ble, fusible, nonoxygenated-organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, low-stage phenolaldehyde resins having an average molecular weight corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule. These resins are difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity, are derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol, and are formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols. The phenol is of the formula in which R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 carbon atoms and not more than 24 carbon atoms, and substituted in the 2,4,6 position.

If one selected a resin of the kind just described previously and reacted approximately one mole of the resin with two moles of formaldehyde and two moles of a basic nonhydroxylated secondary amine as specified, following the same idealized over-simplification previously referred to, the resultant product might be illustrated thus:

R R 'n R 14 The basic nonhydroxylated amine may be designed thus:

. R, 5 HN/ In conducting reactions of this kind one does not necessarily obtain a hundred percent yield for obvious'reasons. Certain side reactions may take place. For instance, 2 moles of amine may combine with one mole of the aldehyde, or only one mole of the amine may combine with the resin molecule, or even to a very slight extent, if at all, 2 resin units may combine without any amine in the reaction product, as indicated in the following formulas:

unit goes one can use a mole of aldehyde other than formaldehyde, such asacetaldehyde, propionaldehyde or butyraldehyde. The resin unit may be exemplified thus:

(IZlH I OH OH R 1% n R in which R is the divalent radical obtained from the particular aldehyde employed to form the resin. For reasons which are obvious the condensation product obtained appears to be described best in terms of the method of manufacture.

As previously stated the preparation of resins, the kind herein employed as reactants, is well known. See previously mentioned U. S. Patent 2,499,368. Resins can be made using an acid catalyst or basic catalyst or a cata lyst having neither acid nor basic properties in the ordinary sense or without any catalyst at all. It is preferable that the resins employed be substantially neutral. In other Words, if prepared by using a strong acid as a catalyst such strong acid should be neutralized. Similarly, if a strong base is used as a catalyst it is preferable that the base be neutralized although we have found that sometimes the reaction described proceeded more rapidly in the presence of a small amount of a free base. The amount may be as small as a 200th of a percent and as much as few l0tbs of a percent. Sometimes moderate 75 increase in caustic soda and caustic potash may be used.

However, the most desirable procedure in practically every case is to have the resin neutral.

In preparing resins one does not get a single polymer, i. e., one having just 3 units, or just 4 units, or just 5 units, or just 6 units, etc. It is usually a mixture; for instance, one approximating 4 phenolic nuclei will have some trimer and pentamer present. Thus, the molecular weight may be such that it corresponds to a fractional value for n as, for example, 3.5, 4.5 or 5.2.

In the actual manufacture of the resins We found no reason for using other than those which are lowest in price and most readily available commercially. For purposes of convenience suitable resins are characterized in the following table:

TABLE 111 M01. wt. Ex- R' of resin ample R Position derived 1; molecule number of R from- (based on n+2) 1a Tertiary butyl Para--.- Formal- 3. 5 882. 5

dehyde 2a Secondary butyl--" Ortho do 3. 5 882.5 3a Tertiary amyl Para... ---d 3. 959. 5 4a Mixed secondary Ortho.-- .--d0 3. 5 805.5

and tertiary amyl.

3. 5 B05. 5 3. 5 1,036. 5 3.5 1, 190. 5 3. 5 1, 267. 5 3. 5 1, 344. 5 Dodecyl 3. 5 1, 498. 5 Tertiary butyl 3. 5 945. 5

Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1,022. 5 Nonyl 3. 5 1, 330. 5 Tertiary butyl- 3. 5 1, 071. 5

Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1,148.5 NOnyl 3. 5 1, 456. 5 Tertiary butyl 3. 5 1,008. 5

Tertiary amyl 3. 5 1,085. 5 onyl 3.5 1, 393. 5 Tertiary butyl. 4. 2 996. 6

Tertiary amyl 4. 2 1, 083. 4 Non 4. 2 1, 430. 6 Tertiary butyl. 4. 8 1, 094. 4 Tertiary amyl. 4. 8 1, 189. 6 N 4. 8 1, 570. 4 1. 5 604. 0 1. 5 653. 0 1. 5 688.0

350 Amyl do 0 2.0 692.0 36a B'cxyl d0 o 2.0 748.0

PART 5 As has been pointed out previously, the amine herein employed as a reactant is a basic secondary monoamine, and preferably a strongly basic secondary monoamine, free from hydroxyl groups whose composition is indicated thus:

in which R represents a monovalent alkyl, alicyclic, aryl-alkyl radical and may be heterocyclic in a few instances as in the case of piperidine and a secondary amine derived from furfurylamine by methylation or ethylation, or a similar procedure.

Another example of a heterocyclic amine is, of course, morpholine.

The secondary amines most readily available are, of course, amines such as dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, ethylpropylamine, dibutylamine, diamylamine, dihexylamine, dioctylamine, and dinonylamine. Other amines include bis( 1,3-dimethylbutyl)amine. There are, of course, a variety of primary amines which can be reacted with an alkylating agent such as dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, an alkyl bromide, an ester of sulfonic acid, etc., to produce suitable amines within the herein specified limitations. For example, one can methylate alpha-methyl-benzylamine, or benzylamine itself, to produce a suitable reactant. Needless to say, one can use secondary amines such as dicyclohexylamine, dibutylamine or amines containing one cyclohexyl group and one alkyl group, or one benzyl group and one alkyl group, such as ethylcyclohexyl amine, ethylbenzylamine, etc.

Another class of amines which are particularly desirable for the reason that they introduce a definite hydrophile effect by virtue of an ether linkage, or repetitious ether linkage, are certain basic polyether amines of the formula in which x is a small whole number having a value of 1 or more, and may be as much as 10 or 12; n is an integer having a value of 2 to 4, inclusive; m represents the numeral 1 to 2; and m represents a number 0 to 1, with the proviso that the sum of m plus m equals 2; and R has its prior significance, particularly as a hydrocarbon radical.

The preparation of such amines has been described in the literature and particularly in two United States patents, to wit, U. S. Nos. 2,325,514, dated July 27, 1943, to Hester, and 2,355,337, dated August 8, 1944, to

Spence. The latter patent describes typical haloalkyl ethers such as CHIOCsHaCl cur-0H,

0H, rr-cmoofltootmnr 021140 0 11 0 C2H4O (321140 CzHtCl Such haloalkyl ethers can react with ammonia, or with a primary amine such as methylamine, ethylamine, cyclohexylamine, etc., to produce a secondary amine of the kind above described, in which one of the groups attached to nitrogen is typified by R. Such haloalkyl ethers also can be reacted with ammonia to give secondary amines as described in the first of the two patents mentioned immediately preceding. Compounds so obtained are exemplified by Other somewhat similar secondary amines are those of the composition R-O (CH1):

R-O (CH1):

as described in U. S. Patent No. 2,375,659, dated May 17 8, 1945, to Jones et al. In the above formula R may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, octyl, etc.

Other amines can be obtained from products which are sold in the open market, such as may be obtained by alkylation of cyclohexylmethylamine or the alkylation of similar primary amines, or, for that matter, amines of the kind described in U. S. Patent No. 2,482,546, dated September 20, 1949, to Kaszuba, provided there is no negative group or halogen attached to the phenolic nucleus. Examples include the following: beta-phenoxyethylamine, gamma-phenoxypropylamine, beta-phenoxyalpha-methylethylamine, and beta-phenoxypropylamine.

Other suitable amines are the kind described in British Patent No. 456,517 and may be illustrated by:

PART 6 The products obtained by the herein described processes employed in the manufacture of the condensation product represent cogeneric mixtures which are the result of a condensation reaction or reactions. Since the resin molecule cannot be defined satisfactorily by formula, although it may be so illustrated in an idealized simplification, it is diflicult to actually depict the final product of the cogeneric mixture except in terms of the process itself.

Previous reference has been made to the fact that the procedure herein employed is comparable, in a general way, to that which corresponds to somewhat similar derivatives made either from phenols as dilferentiated from a resin, or in the manufacture of a phenol-aminealdehyde resin; or else from a particularly selected resin and an amine and formaldehyde in the manner described in Bruson Patent No. 2,031,557, in order to obtain a heat-reactive resin. Since the condensation products obtained are not heat-convertible and since manufacture is not restricted to a single phase system, and since temperatures up to 150 C. or thereabouts may be employed, it is obvious that the procedure becomes comparatively simple. Indeed perhaps no description is necessary over and above what has been said previously, in light of subsequent examples. However, for purpose of clarity the following details are included.

A convenient piece of equipment for preparation of these cogeneric mixtures is a resin pot of the kind described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368. In most instances the resin selected is not apt to be a fusible liquid at the early or low temperature stage of reaction if employed as subsequently described; in fact,

usually it is apt to be a solid at ordinary or higher temperatures, for instance, ordinary room temperature. Thus, we have found it convenient to use a solvent and particularly one which can be removed readily at a comparatively moderate temperature, for instance at 150 C. A suitable solvent is usually benzene, xylene, or a comparable petroleum hydrocarbon or a mixture of such or similar solvents. Indeed, resins which are not soluble except in oxygenated solvents or mixtures containing such solvents are not here included as raw materials. The reaction can be conducted in such a way that the initial reaction, and perhaps the bulk of the reaction, takes place in a polyphase system. However, if desirable, one can use an oxygenated solvent such as a low-boiling alcohol, including ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, etc. Higher alcohols can be used or one can use a comparatively nonvolatile solvent such as dioxane or the diethylether of ethyleneglycol. One can also use a mixture of benzene or xylene and such oxygenated solvents. Note that the use of such oxygenated solvent is not required in the sense that it is not necessary to use an initial resin which is soluble only in an oxygenated solvent as just noted,

18 and it is not necessary to have a single phase system for reaction.

Actually, water isapt to'be present as a solvent for the reason that in most cases aqueous formaldehyde is employed, which may be the commercial. product which is approximately37% or it may be diluted down to' about 30% formaldehyde. However, paraformaldehyde can be used but it is more difficult perhaps to add a solid material instead of the liquid solution and, everything else being equal, the latter is apt to be more economical. In any event, water is present as water of reaction. If the solvent is completely removed at the end of the process, no problem is involved if the material is used for any sub sequent reaction. However, if the reaction mass is going to be subjected to some further reaction where the solvent may be objectionable, as in the case of ethyl or hexyl alcohol, and if there is to be subsequent oxyalkylation, then, obviously, the alcohol shouldnot be used or else it should be removed. The fact that an oxygenated solvent need not be employed, of course, is an advantage for reasons stated. 5

The products obtained, depending on the reactants selected, may be water-insoluble or water-dispersible, or water-soluble, or close to being water-soluble. Water solubility is enhanced, of course, by making a solution in the acidified vehicle such as a dilute solution, for i11 stance, a 5% solution of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, etc. One also may convert the finished product into salts by simply adding a stoich iometric amount of any selected acid and removing any Water present by refluxing with benzene or the like. In fact, the selection of the solvent employed may depend in part whether or not the product at the completion of the reaction is to be converted into a salt form.

We have found no particular advantage in using a low temperature in the early stage of the reaction because, and for reasons explained, this is not necessary although it does apply in some other procedures that, in a general way, bear some similarity to the present procedure. There is no objection, of course, to giving the reaction an opportunity to proceed as far as it will at some low temperature, for instance, 30 to 40 but ultimately one must employ the higher temperature in order to obtain products of the kind herein described. If a lower temperature reaction is used initially the period is not critical, in fact, it may be anything from a few hours up to 24 hours. We have not found any case where it was necessary or even desirable to hold the low temperature stage for more than 24 hours. In fact, we are not convinced there is any advantage in holding it at this stage for more than 3 or 4 hours at the most. again, is a matter of convenience largely for one reason. In heating and stirring the reaction mass there is a tendency for formaldehyde to be lost. .Thus, if the reaction can be conducted at a lower temperature so as to use up part of the formaldehyde at such lower temperature, then the amount of unreacted formaldehyde is decreased subsequently and makes it easier to prevent any loss. Here, again, this lower temperature is not necessary by. virtue of heat convertibility as previously referred to.

If solvents and reactants are selected so thereactants and products of reaction are mutually soluble, then agitation is required only to the extent that it helps cooling or helps distribution of the incoming formaldehyde. This mutual solubility is not necessary as previously pointed out but may be convenient under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if the products are not mutually soluble then agitation should be more vigorous for the reason that reaction probably takes place principally at the interfaces and the more vigorous the agitation the more interfacial area.

the resin and the selected solvent, such as benzene or xylene.

This, I

The general procedure employed is invariably the same when adding Refluxing should belong enough to insure that 19 theresin added, preferably in a powdered form, is completely dissolved. However, if the resin is prepared as such it may be added in solution form, just as preparation is described in aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,499,368. After the resin is in complete solution the amine is added and stirred. Depending on the amine selected, it may or may not be soluble in the resin solution. If it is not soluble in the resin solution it may be soluble in the aqueous formaldehyde solution. If so, the resin then will dissolve in the formaldehyde solution as added, and if not, it is even possible that the initial reaction mass could be a three-phase system instead of a two-phase system although this would be extremely unusual. This solution, or mechanical mixture, if not completely soluble is cooled to at least the reaction temperature or somewhat below, for example 35 C. or slightly lower, provided this initial low temperature stage is employed. The formaldehyde is then added in a suitable form. For reasons pointed out we prefer to use a solution and whether to use a commercial 37% concentration is simply a matter of choice. In large scale manufacturing there may be some advantage in using a 30% solution of formaldehyde but apparently this is not true on a small laboratory scale or pilot plant scale. 30% formaldehyde may tend to decrease any formaldehyde loss or make it easier to control unreacted formaldehyde loss.

On a large scale if there is any difliculty with formaldehyde loss control, one can use amore dilute form of formaldehyde, for instance, a 30% solution. The reaction can be conducted in an autoclave and no attempt made to remove water until the reaction is over. Generally speaking, such a procedure is much less satisfactory for a number of reasons. For example, the reaction does not seem to go to completion, foaming takes place, and other mechanical or chemical difliculties are involved. We have found no advantage in using solid formaldehyde because even here water of reaction is formed.

Returning again to the preferred method of reaction and particularly from the standpoint of laboratory procedure employing a glass resin pot, when the reaction has proceeded as far as one can reasonably expect at a low temperature; for instance, after holding the reaction mass with or without stirring, depending on whether or not it is homogeneous, at 30 or 40 C. for 4 or 5 hours, or at the most, up to -24 hours, we then complete the reaction by raising the temperature up to 150 C., or thereabouts as required. The initial low temperature procedure can be eliminated or reduced to merely the shortest period of time which avoids loss of amine or formaldehyde. At a higher temperature we use a phaseseparating trap and subject the mixture to reflux condensation until the water of reaction and the water of solution of the formaldehyde is eliminated. We then permit the temperature to rise to somewhere about 100 C., and generally slightly above 100 C., and below 150 C., by eliminating the solvent or part of the solvent so the reaction mass stays within this predetermined range. This period of heating and refluxing, after the water is eliminated, is continued until the reaction mass is homogeneous and then for one to three hours longer. The removal of the solvents is conducted in a conventional manner in the same way as the removal of solvents in resin manufacture as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368.

Needless to say, as far as the ratio of reactants goes we have invariably employed approximately one mole of the resin based on the molecular weight of the resin molecule, 2 moles of the secondary amine and 2 moles of formaldehyde. In some instances we have added a trace of caustic as an added catalyst but have found no particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of formaldehyde and, again, have not found any particular advantage in this. In other cases we have used a slight excess of amine and again, have not found any particular advantage in so doing. Whenever feasible 20 we have checked the completeness of reaction in the usual ways, including the amount of water of reaction, molecular weight, and particularly in some instances have checked whether ornot theend-product showed surface-activity, particularly in a dilute acetic acid solution. The nitrogen content after removal of unreacted amine, if any is present, is another index.

In light of what has been said previously, little more need be said as to the actual procedure employed for the preparation of the herein described condensation products. The following example will serve by way of illustration.

Example 1b The phenol-aldehyde resin is the one that has been identified previously as Example 1a. It was obtained from a para-tertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde. The resin was prepared using an acid catalyst which was completely neutralized at the end of the reaction. The molecular weight of the resin was 882.5. This corresponded to an average of about 3 /2 phenolic nuclei, as the value for n which excludes the two external nuclei, i. e., the resin was largely a mixture having 3 nuclei and 4 nuclei, excluding the two external nuclei or 5 and 6 overall nuclei. The resin so obtained in a neutral state had a light amber color.

882 grams of the resin identified as In, preceding, were powdered and mixed with an equal weight of xylene, i. e., 882 grams. The mixture was refluxed until solution was complete. It was then adjusted to approximately 30 C. to 35 C., and 146 grams of diethylamine added. The mixture was stirred vigorously and formaldehyde added slowly. The formaldehyde was used as a 37% solution and 162 grams were employed, which were added in about 2 /2 hours. The mixture was stirred vigorously and kept within a temperature range of 30 to 45 C. for about 20 hours. At the end of this period of time it was refluxed, using a phase-separating trap and a small amount of aqueous distillate withdrawn from time to time, and the presence of unreacted formaldehyde noted. Any unreacted formaldehyde seemed to disappear within 2 to 3 hours after refluxing was started. As soon as the odor of formaldehyde was no longer detectible the phase-separating trap was set so as to eliminate all water of solution and reaction. After the water was eliminated part of the xylene was removed until the temperature reached approximately C., or slightly higher. The mass was kept at this higher temperature for about 4 hours and reaction stopped. During this time any additional water, which was probably water of reaction which had formed, was eliminated by means of the trap. The residual xylene was permitted to stay in the cogeneric mixture. A small amount of the sample was heated on a water bath to remove the excess xylene and the residual material was dark red in color and had the consistency of a sticky fluid or tacky resin. The overall time for the reaction was about 30 hours. Time can be reduced by cutting low temperature period to approximately 3 to 6 hours.

Note that in Table IV following there are a large number of added examples illustrating the same procedure. In each case the initial mixture was stirred and held at a fairly low temperature (30 to 40 C.) for a period of several hours. Then refluxing was employed until the odor of formaldehyde disappeared. After the odor of formaldehyde disappeared the phase-separating trap was employed to separate out all the water, both the solution and condensation. After all the water had been separated enough xylene was taken out to have the final product reflux for several hours somewhere in the range of 145 to 150 C., or thereabouts. Usually the mixture yielded a clear solution by the time the bulk of the water, or all the water, had been removed.

Note that as pointed out previously, this procedure is illustrated by 24 examples in Table IV.

TABLE IV Strength of Reac- Reac- Max.

Ex. Resin Amt, Amine used and amount formalde- Solvent used tion tion distill No. used grs. hyde, solo. and amt. temp., time, temp.,

and amt. 0. hrs. C.

882 Diethylamine, 146 grams 37%, 162 g... Xylene, 882 g--- 20-25 30 150 480 Diethylamine, 73 grams 37%, 81 g.... Xylene, 480 g- 22-30 24 152 633 -..do 30%, 100 g Xylene, 633 g--. 21-24 38 147 441 Dibutylamme, 129 grams 37%, 81 g.. Xylene, 441 g--. 25-27 32 149 480 ..do do Xylene, 480 g- 20-24 35 149 633 .do do Xylene, 633 g 18-23 24 150 882 Morpholine, 174 grams 37%, 162 g... Xylene, 882 g.... 20-26 35 145 480 Morpholine, 87 grams 37%, 81 g. Xylene, 480 g- 19-27 24 156 d -do Xylene, 633 g.-. 20-23 24 147 30%, 100 g.. Xylene, 473 g--. 20-21 38 148 do Xylene, 511 g--. 19-20 30 145 12b 1311-. -do 37%,81 g Xylene, 665 g--. 20-26 24 150 1312-... 1a..... 441 (C2H5OC2H-1002H4)2NH, 250 grams-. 30%, 100 g..- Xylene, 441 g--- 20-22 31 147 140--.. 3a.. 480 (oznsooimooznmNn, 250 grams.. do Xylene, 480 g--. 20-24 36 148 595 (C2H5OC2H4OC2H4)2NH, 250 grams 37%, 81 g Xylene, 595 g--- 23-28 25 145 441 (G4HOOCH20H(CH3)O(GH3)OHOH2)2NH, 361 grams .-..-do Xylene, 441 g--. 21-23 24 151 480 (O4HQOCH2CH(CH3)O (OHQOHCHMNH, 361 grams Xylene, 480 g--. 20-24 24 150' 511 (C4HOOCH2CH(OH3)O(OH3)CHCHZ)2NH, 361 grams Xylene, 511 g--. 20-22 25 146 190. 2011.. 498 (GH O CH2CH2O CHzCHaO CH2CH2)2NH, 309 grams. Xylene, 498 g- 20-25 24 140 200. 21a-. 542 (CHsO CHaCHzOCHzCHzO CH2CHz)2NH, 309 grams Xylene, 542 g- 28-38 30 142 211).... 23a 547 (CH3OCHZCH2OOH2CH20CH2CH2)2NH, 309 grams. Xylene, 547 g--. 25-30 26 148 225--.. 1a.--" 441 (013 CH2CH2CHzOH2CH2CHz)zNH, 245 grams..... ...do Xylene, 441 g.-- 20-22 28 143 23b.... 2411.... 595 (OHaOCH2CH2OH2CH2CH2CH2)2NH, 245 grams... 80%, 100 g... Xylene, 595 g--. 18-20 25 146 24L-.- 2511.... 391 (CHaOGH2OH2CH2OH2CH2CH2)2NH, 98 grams 30%, 50 g Xylene, 391 g--. 19-22 24 145 PART 7 In preparing oxyalkylated derivatives of products of the kind which appear as examples in Part 3, we have found it particularly advantageous to use laboratory equipment which permits continuous oxypropylation and'oxyethylation. The oxyethylation step is, of course, the same as the oxypropylation step insofar that two low boiling liquids are handled in each instance. The oxyalkylation step is carried out in a manner which is substantially conventional for the oxyalkylation of compounds having labile hydrogen atoms, and for that reason a detailed description of the procedure is omitted and the process will simply be illustrated by the following examples:

Example The oxyalkylation-susceptible compound employed is the one previously described and designated as Example lb. Condensate 1b was in turn obtained from diethylamine and the resin previously identified as Example la. Reference to Table III shows that this particular resin is obtained from paratertiary butylphenol and formaldehyde. 10.56 pounds of this resin condensate were dissolved in 8.8 pounds of solvent (xylene) along with one pound of finely powdered caustic soda as a catalyst. Adjustment was made in the autoclave to operate at a temperature of approximately 125 C. to 130 C., and at a pressure of about to pounds.

The time regulator was set so as to inject the ethylene oxide in approximately three hours and then continue stirring for a half-hour or longer. The reaction went readily and, as a matter of fact, the ethylene oxide could have been injected in less than an hours time and probably the reaction could have been completed without allowing for a subsequent stirring period. The speed of reaction, particularly at the low pressure, undoubtedly was due in a large measure to excellent agitation and also to the comparatively high concentration of catalyst. The amount of ethylene oxide introduced was equal in weight to the initial condensation product, to wit, 10.56 pounds. This represented a molal ratio of 24 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of condensate.

The theoretical molecular weight at the end of the reaction period was 2112. A comparatively small example, less than 50 grams, was withdrawnmerely for examination as far as solubility or emulsifying power was concerned and also for the purpose of making some tests on various oil-field emulsions. The amount withdrawn was so small that no cognizance of this fact is included in the data, or subsequent data, or in the data presented in tabular form in subsequent Tables Vand VI.

The size of the autoclave employed was 25 gallons. In innumerable comparable oxyalkylations we have withdrawn a substantial portion at the end of each step and continued oxyalkylation on a partial residual sample. This was not the case in this particular series. Certain examples were duplicated as hereinafter noted and subjected to oxyalkylation with a difi'erent oxide.

Example 20 This example simply illustrates the further oxyalkylation of Example 1c, preceding. As previously stated, the oxyalkylation-sosceptible compounds, to wit, Example 1b, present at the beginning of the stage was obviously the same as at the end of the prior stage (Example 10), to wit, 10.56 pounds. The amount of oxide present in the initial step was 10.56 pounds, the amount of catalyst remained the same, to wit, one pound, and the amount of solvent remained the same. The amount of oxide added was another 10.56 pounds, all addition of oxide in these various stages being based on the addition of this particular amount. Thus, at the end of the oxyethylation step the amount of oxide added was a total of 21.12 pounds and the molal ratio of ethylene oxide to resin condensate was 48 to l. The theoretical molecular weight was 3168.

The maximum temperature during the operation was C. to C. The maximum pressure was in the range of 15 to 20 pounds. The time period was 3% hours.

Example 30 Example 40 The oxyethylation was continued and the amount of oxide added again was 10.56 pounds. There was no added catalyst and no added solvent. The theoretical molecular weight at the end of the reaction period was 5280. The molal ratio of oxide to condensate was 96 to 1. Conditions as far as temperature and pressure were concerned were the same as in previous examples. The time period was slightly longer, to wit, 4 hours. The

reaction unquestionably began to slow up-somewhat.

23 Example c The oxyethylation continued with the introduction of another 10.56 pounds of ethylene oxide. No added solvent was introduced and, likewise, no added catalyst was introduced. The theoretical molecular weight at the end of the agitation period was 6336, and the molal ratio of oxide to resin condensate was 124 to l. The time period, however, had increased to 5 hours, even though the operating temperature and pressure remained the same as in previous example.

Example 60 The same procedure was followed as in the previous examples except that an added /4 pound of powdered caustic soda was introduced to speed up the reaction. The amount of oxide added was another 10.56 pounds, bringing the total oxide introduced to 63.36 pounds. The temperature and pressure during this period were the same as before.

Notwithstanding the addition of added caustic the time required for the oxyethylation was 5 hours. There was no added solvent.

Example 70 The same procedure was followed as in the previous six examples without the addition of more caustic or more solvent. The total amount of oxide introduced at the end of the period was 72.93 pounds. The theoretical molecular Weight at the end of the oxyalkylation period was 8448. The time required for the oxyethylation was a bit longer than in the previous step, to wit, 6 hours.

Example 8c This was the final oxyethylation in this particular series. There was no added solvent and no added catalyst. The total amount of oxide added at the end of this step was 85.48 pounds. The theoretical molecular weight was 9604. The molal ratio of oxide to resin condensate was 192. Conditions as far as temperature and pressure were concerned were the same as in the previous examples and the time required for oxyethylation was the same as in Example 7c, preceding, to wit, 6 hours.

The same procedure as described in the previous examples was employed in connection with a number of the other condensates described previously. All these data have been presented in tabular form in a series of four tables, Tables V and VI, VII and VIII.

In substantially every case a 25-gallon autoclave was employed, although in some instances the initial oxyethylation was started in a IS-gallon autoclave and then transferred to a 25-gallon autoclave. This is immaterial but happened to be a matter of convenience only. The solvent used in all cases was xylene. The catalyst used was finely powdered caustic soda.

Referring now to Tables V and VI, it will be noted that compounds 1c through 400 were obtained by the use of ethylene oxide, whereas 41c through 800 were obtained by the use of propylene oxide alone.

Thus, in reference to Table V it is to be noted as follows.

The example number of each compound is indicated in the first column.

The identity of the oxyalkylation-susceptible compound, to wit, the resin condensate, is indicated in the second column.

The amount of condensate is shown in the third column.

Assuming that ethylene oxide alone is employed, as happens to be the case in Examples 1c through 401:, the amount of oxide present in the oxyalkylation derivative is shown in column 4, although in the initial step since no oxide is present there is a blank.

When ethylene oxide is used exclusively the 5th column is blank.

The 6th column shows the amount of powdered caustic 24 soda used as a catalyst, and the 7th column shows the amount of solvent employed.

The 15th column shows the theoretical molecular weight at the end of the oxyalkylation period.

The 8th column states the amount of condensate present in the reaction mass at the end of the period.

As pointed out, previously, in this particular series the amount of reaction mass withdrawn for examination was so small that it was ignored and for this reason the resin condensate in column 8 coincides with the figure in column 3.

Column 9 shows the amount of ethylene oxide employed in the reaction mass at the end of the particular period.

Column 10 can be ignored insofar that no propylene oxide was employed.

Column 11 shows the catalyst at the end of the reaction period.

Column 12 shows the amount of solvent at the end of the reaction period.

Column 13 shows the molal ratio of ethylene oxide to condensate.

Column 14 can be ignored for the reason that no propylene oxide was employed.

Referring now to Table VIII. It is to be noted that the first column refers to Examples 1c, 2c, 30, etc.

The second column gives the maximum temperature employed during the oxyalkylation step and the third column gives the maximum pressure.

The fourth column gives the time period employed.

The last three columns show solubility tests by shaking a small amount of the compound, including the solvent present, with several volumes of water, xylene and kerosene. It sometimes happens that although xylene in comparatively small amounts will dissolve in the concentrated material, when the concentrated material in turn is diluted with xylene separation takes place.

Referring to Table VI, Examples 41c through 800 are the counterparts of Examples 10 through 400, except that the oxide employed is propylene oxide instead of ethylene oxide. Therefore, as explained previously, two columns are blank, to wit, columns 4 and 9.

Reference is now made to Table VII. It is to be noted these compounds are designated by d numbers, 1d, 2d, 3d, etc., through and including 32d. They are derived, in turn, from compounds in the 0" series, for examples, 35c, 39c, 53c and 620. These compounds involve the use of both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Since compounds 1c through 400 were obtained by the use of ethylene oxide, it is obvious that those obtained from 35c, through 39c, involve the use of ethylene oxide first, and propylene oxide afterward. Inversely, those compounds obtained from 53c and 626 obviously came from a prior series in which propylene oxide was used first.

In the preparation of this series indicated by the small letter d, as 1d, 2d, 3d, etc., the initial c series such as 35c, 39c, 53c, and 620, were duplicated and the oxyalkylation stopped at the point designated instead of being carried further as may have been the case in the original oxyalkylation step. Then oxyalkylation proceeded by using the second oxide as indicated by the previous explanation, to wit, propylene oxide in 111 through 16d, and ethylene oxide in 17d through 32d, inclusive.

In examining the table beginning with 1d, it will be noted that the initial product, i. e., 35c, consisted of the reaction product involving 10.5 pounds of the resin condensate, 15.84 pounds of ethylene oxide, 1.0 pounds of caustic soda, and 8.8 pounds of the solvent.

It is to be noted that reference to the catalyst in Table VII refers to the total amount of catalyst, i. e., the catalyst present from the first oxyalkylation step plus added catalyst, if any. The same is true in regard to the solvent. Reference to the solvent refers to the total i 6 dnmp c mum o mum 6k .WTWE Pu m x Pm mmm d fl v mn w an nmm e f mmmm d e mwmm a m e wh muwm d m emm n 601T. .Wcao b mwm e w mmk u n n o m o .H fi a a 1 II n mm ha M o 0 mo M e .m an 6 m m dr m mm .o mYnP M n .w mtm W ew m 1 1. .L0 S S m twda c nefid ede wmsw m. S! .s. a 1 .l. u HP 0 w 1 m 0 s s m step and after the oxyalkylation step, although the value The colors of the products usuall dish amber tint to a defin reason is primarily that no eifort is ma y vary from a reditely red, and amber.

The

ginning of ously at the very start the at the end of one step is the value at the be the next step, except ob value depends 0 vi de to obtain coloress resins initially and the resins themselves ma 1 y be amber. Condensation ably yields a darker product 11 the theoretical molecular weight at the i. e., oxyethylation yellow, amber, or even dark end of the initial oxyalkylation step for 1a! through 16d, and oxypropylat through 32d.

invari resin an ion for 17d a nitrogenous product than the original d usually has a reddish color. f xylene, adds nothing to the a darker colored aromatic It will be noted also that under the molal ratio the values of both oxides to the re cluded.

The solvent employed, i

P yi e emplo ucts can sin condensate are color but one may use troleum solvent. ons lighter colored pr Table Oxyalkylation generally tends to eld oducts and the more oxid yed the lighter the color of the product.

be it in Prod lighter amber w Such products can be decolorized b d to the operating conditi nd appears The data given in regar is substantially the same as before a VIII.

prepared in which the final color is a a reddish tint.

y the As far as use in or some other industrial use The products resulting from these procedures may contain modest amoun solvents as indic ts, or have small amounts, of the use of clays, bleaching chars, etc.

mulsification is concerned there is no justi product.

the tables. If 20 y distillat Such distillation also ated by the figures in ion, and fication for the cost of bleaching the desired the solvent may be removed b particularly vacuum distillation.

may remove traces or small amounts of uncombined Generally speaking, the amount of alkaline catalyst oxide, if present and volatile under the conditions ernpresent is comparatively small and it need ployed. moved. Since the products per se are alkal not be reme due to y no attempt to selectively add one and par then the other, or any other variant.

TABLE V Composition at end Molec. wt. based value Molal ratio pl. oxide on theto oxyoretical alkyl.

Ethyl. Pro

oxide to oxyalkyl. suscept. suscept. cmpd. cmpd.

6 2479mm m Sol. vent,

Catalyst, lbs.

oxide,

Ethl. Propl. oxide,

Composition before Solvent,

Cataoxide, lyst,

Ethl. Propl. oxide,

Ex. No.

Oxyalkylation-susceptible.

TABLE VI Composition before Composition at end Molal ratio Molec. Ex. No. wt.

-8 0-8 Ethl. Propl. Cata 801- 0-8 Ethl. Pro 1. Cata- Sol- Ethyl. Propl. based cmpd, cmpd., oxide, oxide, lyst, vent, cmpd., oxide, oxi e, lyst, vent, oxide oxide on theex. No. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. to oxyto oxyoretical alkyl. alkyl. value suscept. suscept. cmpd. cmpd.

Oxyalkylation-susceptible.

TABLE VII Composition before Composition at end Molal ratio Molec. Ex. No. wt.

0-8 0-8" Ethl. Propl. Gata- Sol- O-S Ethl. Propl. Cata- Sol- Ethyl. Prop]. based crnpd., cmpd., oxide, oxide, lyst, vent, cmpd., oxide, oxide, lyst, vent, oxide oxide on the ex. No. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. to oxyto oxyoretical alkyl. alkyl. value suscept. suscept. cmpd. cmpd.

10.56 15. 84 1. 0 8.8 10.56 15.84 5. 28 1.0 8. 8 36 9. 1 3,168 10.56 15. 84 5. 28 1.0 8. 8 10.56 15.84 10.56 1. 0 8.8 36 18. 2 3, 696 10. 56 15.84 10. 56 1.0 8.8 10. 56 15. 84 15.84 1.0 8. 8 36 27. 3 ,224 10.56 15. 84 15.84 1.0 8.8 10.56 15.84 21.12 1.0 8. 8 36 36.4 1, 752 10. 56 15.84 21.12 1. 5 8.8 10. 56 15.84 26. 40 1. 5 8. 8 36 45. 5 5, 380 10. 56 15.84 26.40 1. 5 8. 8 10.56 15.84 31. 68 1. 5 8.8 36 54.6 5, 908 10. 56 15.84 31. 68 1. 5 8. 8 10.56 15.84 36.96 1. 5 8. 8 36 63. 7 0, 433 10.56 15. 84 36.96 1. 5 8. 8 10. 56 15.84 42. 24 1. 5 8. 8 36 72.8 6, 964 10. 56 36.96 1. 5 8. 8 10. 56 36. 96 5. 28 1. 5 8. 8 84 9. 1 5, 280 10. 56 36.96 5. 28 1. 5 8. 8 10.56 36.96 10. 56 1. 5 8. 8 84 18.2 5,808 10. 56 36.96 10. 56 1. 5 8. 8 10. 56 36. 96 15.84 1. 5 8. 8 84 27. 3 6, 336 10.56 36.96 15.84 1. 5 8. 8 10.56 36.96 26.40 1. 5 8.8 84 45. 5 7, 392 10.56 36.96 26. 40 1. 5 8. 8 10. 56 36. 96 36.96 1. 5 8. 8 84 63.7 8, 448 10.56 36.96 36.96 1. 5 8. 8 19. 56 36. 96 47.52 1. 5 8. 8 84 81.9 9, 504 10. 56 36.96 47. 52 1. 5 8. 8 10. 56 36.96 58. 08 1. 5 S. 8 84 100. l 10, 560 10.56 36.96 58. O8 1. 5 8. 8 10.56 36.96 68. 64 1. 5 8. 8 84 118. 3 616 12. 56 62. 1. 8 9. 6 12. 56 6. 28 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 14. 3 108.0 8, 468 12. 56 6. 28 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 12. 56 52. 80 1. 7 9. 6 28. 6 108.0 9, 092 12. 56 12. 56 62. 80 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 18. 84 62. 80 1. 7 9. 6 42. 8 109. 0 10, 348 12.56 18. 84 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 31. 40 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 71.4 108. 0 11, 604 12. 56 31. 40 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 43. 96 62. 80 1. 7 9. 6 99. 9 108. 0 12, 860 12. 56 43. 96 62. 89 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 56. 52 62. 80 1. 7 9. 6 128. 5 108.0 14, 116 12. 56 43.96 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 69.08 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 157.0 108.0 15, 372 12. 56 69.08 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 12. 56 81. 64 62.80 1. 7 9. 6 185. 8 108.0 16, 628 10.84 75.88 1. 5 8.8 10.84 5. 42 75.88 1. 5 8.8 12. 3 130.9 ,214 10. 84 5. 42 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 10.84 10.84 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 24. 6 130. 9 9, 756 10. 84 10.84 75. 88 1. 5 8. 8 10.84 16.26 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 36.9 130.9 10, 298 10.84 16. 26 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 10.84 27. 10 75.88 1. 5 8.8 61. 5 130. 9 11, 382 10. 84 27. 10 75.88 1. 5 8.8 10.84 37. 94 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 86. 1 136. 9 12, 466 10.84 37. 94 75. 88 1. 5 8. 8 10.84 48. 78 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 110. 7 130. 9 13, 559 10. 84 48. 78 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 10.84 75.88 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 135. 3 130. 9 14, 634 10. 84 59. 62 75.88 1. 5 8. 8 10. 84 75.88 75. 88 1. 5 8. 8 172.0 130. 9 16, 626

Oxyalkylation-susoeptible.

TABLE VIII Max. Max. Solubility Ex. temp. res. Time N0. o. 1 s. 1'. hrs.

Water Xylene Kerosene 15-20 3% Insoluble 15-20 3 /5 Emulsiflable Soluble w H H E E E O O c mww-cgwmmwww-ocsmwwwwwmmcncn e R R5? Insoluble.

grace o. insoluble.

Soluble.

Soluble.

Soluble.

0. Soluble. Do.

Do. Insoluble.

Dispersible. Do.

0. Dispersible.

Do. Dispersible.

TABLE VIIIContinued Max. Max. Solubility Ex. temp, pres, Time, N0. O. p. s. 1. hrs.

Water- Xylene Kerosene 20-25 Emulsifiable. Soluble. 20-25- S b Do. 20-30 D0. 20-30 D0. 20-30 Dispersible 20-30 Insoluble 20-30 Do. 20-30 Do. 20-30 D0.

PART 8 The resin condensates which are employed as intermediate reactants are strongly basic. Initial oxyalkylation of these products with a monoepoxide or diepoxide either one can be accomplished generally, at least in the initial stage, without the addition of the usual alkaline catalyst such as those described in connection with oxyalkylation employing monoepoxides in Part 7 immediately preceding. As a matter of fact, the procedure is substantially the same as using a non-volatile monoepoxide such as glycide or methylglycide. However, during progressive oxyalkylation with a monoepoxide it is usually necessary to use a catalyst as previously described and, thus, there may or may not be sulficient catalyst present for the reaction with the diepoxide. Reference to the catalyst present includes the residual catalyst remaining from the oxyalkylation step in which the monoepoxide was used.

Briefly stated then, employing polyepoxides in combination with a nonbasic reactant the usual catalysts include alkaline materials, such as caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium methylate, etc. Other catalysts may be acidic in nature and are of the kind illustrated by iron and tin chloride. Furthermore, insoluble catalysts such as clay or specially prepared mineral catalysts have been used. If for any reason the reaction does not proceed rapidly enough with the diglycidyl ether or other analogous reactant then a small amount of finely divided caustic soda or sodium methylate can be employed as a catalyst. The amount generally employed would be 1% or 2%.

It goes without saying that the reaction can take place in an inert solvent, i. e., one that is not oxyalkylation-susceptible. Generally speaking, this is most conveniently an aromatic solvent such as xylene or a higher boiling coal tar solvent, or else a similar high boiling aromatic solvent obtained from petroleum. One can employ an oxygenated solvent such as the diethylether of ethyleneglycol, or the diethylether of propyleneglycol, or similar ethers, either alone or in combination with a hydrocarbon solvent. The selection of the solvent depends in part on the subsequent use of the derivatives or reaction products. If the reaction products are to be rendered solvent-free and it is necessary that the solvent be readily removed as, for example, by the use of vacuum distillation, then xylene or an aromatic petroleum solvent will serve. If the product is going to be subjected to oxyalkylation subsequently, then the solvent should be one which is not oxyalkylation-susceptible. It is easy enough to select a suitable solvent if required in any instance but, everything else being equal, the solvent chosen should be the most economical one.

Example 1e The product was obtained by reaction between the diepoxide previously described as diepoxide 3A and Oxyalkylated resin condensate 2c. Oxyalkylated condensate 20 has been described in previous Part 7 and was obtained by the oxyethylation of condensate 1b. The

preparation of condensate lb was described in Part 6, preceding. Details have been included in regard to both steps. Condensate 1b, in turn, was obtained from diethylamine and resin 2a; resin 2a, in turn, was obtained from para-tertiarybutylphenol and formaldehyde.

In any event, 317 grams of the oxyalkylated resin condensate previously identified as 20 were dissolved in approximately an equal weight of xylene. About 3 grams of sodium methylate were added as a catalyst so the total amount of catalyst present, including residual catalyst from the prior oxyalkylation, was about 3.3 grams. 17 grams of diepoxide 3A were mixed with an equal weight of xylene. The initial addition of the diepoxide solution was made after raising the temperature of the reaction mass to about 105 C. The diepoxide was added slowly over a period of one hour. During this time the temperature was allowed to rise to about 126 C. The mixture was allowed to reflux at about 132 C. using a phase-separating trap. A small amount of xylene was removed by means of a phase-separating trap so the refluxing temperature rose gradually to about 160 C. The mixture was refluxed at this temperature for about hours. At the end of this period the xylene which had been removed by means of the phase-separating trap was returned to the mixture. A small amount of material was withdrawn and the xylene evaporated on a hot plate in order to examine the physical properties. The material was an amber, or light reddish amber, viscous liquid. It was insoluble in water; it was insoluble in gluconic acid, but it was soluble in xylene and particularly in a mixture of 80% xylene and 20% methanol. However, if the material was dissolved in an oxygenated solvent and then shaken with 5% gluconic acid it showed a definite tendency to disperse, suspend, or form a sol, and particularly in a xylene-methanol mixed solvent as previously described, with or without the further addition of a little acetone.

Generally speaking, the solubility of these derivatives is in line with expectations by merely examining the solubility of the preceding intermediates, to wit, the oxyalkylated resin condensates prior to treatment with the diepoxide. These materials, of course, vary from extremely water-soluble products due to substantial oxyethylation, to those which conversely are water-insoluble but xylene-soluble or even kerosene-soluble due to high stage oxypropylation. Reactions with diepoxidcs or polyepoxides of the kind herein described reduce the hydrophile properties and increase the hydrophobe properties, i. e., generally make the products more soluble in kerosene or a mixture of kerosene and xylene, or in xylene, but less soluble in water. Since this is a general rule which applies throughout, for sake of brevity future reference to solubility will be omitted.

The procedure employed, of course, is simple in light of what has been said previously and in efiect is a procedure similar to that employed in the use of glycide or methylglycide as oxyalkylating agents. See, for example, Part 7 of U. S. Patent No. 2,602,062, dated July 1, 1952, to De Groote.

33 Various examples obtained in substantially the same manner are enumerated in the following tables:

moles of resin to one of diepoxide. We have found this can be avoided by any one of the following procedures or TABLE IX Ex. Oxy. Amt Die Amt, Catalyst Xy- Molar Time of Max. No. resin congrs. oxi e grs. (NaOCHz), lene, ratio reaction, temp., Color and physical state densate used grs. grs. hrs. C.

317 3A 17 3. 3 334 2:1 5 160 Reddish amber resinous mass. 264 3A 3. 5 2. 7 273 2:1 5 165 Do. 251 3A 17 2. 7 263 2:1 5 162 Do. 314 3A 3. 5 3. 2 323 2:1 5 170 Do. 335 3A 3. 5 3. 9 394 2: 1 5. 5 170 Do. 317 3A 17 3. 3 334 2: 1 5 168 D0. 251 3A 3. 5 2. 6 260 2:1 5 165 D0. 325 3A 3. 5 3. 3 334 2: 1 5 165 D0. 257 3A 17 2. 7 274 2:1 5 164 Do. 343 3A 3. 5 3. 5 352 2:1 5 170 D0. 370 3A 17 3. s 337 2: 1 6 167 Do. 269 3A 3. 5 2. 3 273 2: 1 5 165 Do. 317 3A 3. 5 3. 3 326 2: 1 5. 5 165 D0. 212 3A 4. 3 2. 2 216 2:1 5 160 Do. 227 3A 4. 3 2. 3 231 2:1 5 160 Do.

TABLE X Ex. Oxy. Amt., Diep- Amt, Catalyst Xy- Molar Time of Max. N0. resincongrs. oxide grs. (NaOCHg), lene, ratio reaction, temp., Color and physical state densate used grs. g-rs. hrs. C.

317 B1 27. 5 3. 5 345 2:1 4 155 Reddish amber resinous mass. 264 B1 13. 3 2. s 273 2:1 4 154 Do. 251 B1 27. 5 2. 3 270 2:1 4. 5 150 Do. 314 B1 13. 3 3. 3 323 2:1 4. 5 152 Do. 335 B1 13. s 4. 399 2:1 4. 150 Do. 317 B1 27.5 3. 5 345 2:1 5 150 Do. 251 B1 13. 3 2. 7 265 3: 1 4 155 Do. 325 B1 13. 8 3. 4 339 2: 1 4 157 D0. 257 B1 27. 5 2. 9 235 2:1 4 154 Do. 343 B1 13. s 3. 6 357 2:1 4. 5 150 Do. 370 B1 27. 5 4. 0 393 2:1 4. 5 143 Do. 269 B1 13. s 2. s 233 2:1 4. 5 150 Do. 317 B1 13. 3 3. 3 331 2:1 4 152 Do. 212 B1 6. 9 2. 2 219 2: 1 4 150 Do. 227 B1 6. 9 2. 3 234 2:1 4 150 D0.

TABLE XI their equivalent. Dilute the resin or the diepoxide, or both, with an inert solvent, such as xylene or the like. Oxyalkyl. Prob. mol. Ex Nu mm cm weight of Amount of Amount of In some instances an oxygenated solvent, such as the di dens-ate reacmon product gr5 Solvent ethylether of ethyleneglycol may be employed. Another product procedure which 1s helpful is to reduce the amount of catalyst used, or reduce the temperature of reaction by 8,338 33 28 358 addmg a small amount of initially lower boiling solvent,

I a 51360 21630 1, 340 such as benzene, or use benzene entirely. Also, we have 328 i: found it desirable at times to use slightly less than ap- 61680 3,340 1,670 patently the theoretical amount of diepoxide, for inig; 518% i: a 0% to 95% instead of 100%. The reason for 5, 430 2,740 1,370 this fact may reside in the possibility that the molecular 3:3;8 5 2%,? i: W e1ght d1mensions on either the resin molecule or the 11,000 2,200 1,100 d1epox1de molecule actually may vary from the true 1% 3 ,8 @222 i: molecular weight by several percent. 13,520 3, 704 1, 852 The condensate can be depicted in a simplified form which, for convenience, may be shown thus:- TABLE XII (Am1ne)CH (Resm)CH (Amine) O alk 1. Prob. moi. EX g, Weight of Amount of Amount of If such product is sub ected to oxyalkylation reaction mdensate react ng; p Solvent volves the phenolic hydroxyls of the resin structure and, p thus, can be depicted in the following manner:

6 390 3,445 1 723 1 g 35g (Am1ne)CH-,;(Oxyalkylated Resin) CH (Am1ne) 5, 7 1 13,110 622 11311 Followlng such simplificatlon the reactlon with a poly 151 $22 2?; epoxide, and particularly a diepoxide, would be depicted 101 32 322 2; 845 1: (Amine)0H (0xyalkylated Resln)OH:(Amine) 3 32 1 a 040 111310 2: 262 1: 131 it? 323% Hit 1;; 8 746 873 (Amine)CHg(0xyalkylated Resin)OH:(Amin3) in which D. G. E. represents a diglycidyl ether as specified.

As has been pointed out previously, the condensation reaction may produce other products, including, for ex 35 ample, a product which may be indicated thus in light of what has been said previously:

[ (Amine) CH (Resin) 1 This product, since it is susceptible to oxyalkylation by means of the oxyalkylated phenolic hydroxyl groups and depending on the selection of the amine, may be susceptible to oxyalkylation in event a hydroxylated amine or polyamine had been used, and may be indicated in the following manner:

[ Oxyalkylated (Amine) CH (Resin) 1 When a diglycidyl ether is employed one would obviously obtain compounds in which two molecules of the: kind described immediately preceding are united in a. manner comparable to that previously described, which may be indicated thus:

Likewise, it is obvious that the two different types of oxyalkylation-susceptible compounds may combine so as to give molecules which may be indicated thus:

Amine)GHz(Oxyalkylated Resin)CHz(Aminel) Oxyalkylated(Amine)CHflResin) Oxya1kylated(Amine)CHflAmine) I I (Amine)OH1(0xyalkylated ResimCHKAmine) 0xya1ky1ated(Amine) C H; (Amine) l Oxyalkylated(Amine)OH;(Resin) Oxya1ky1ated(Amine)CH:(Amine PART 9 Conventional demulsifying agents employed in the treatment of oil field emulsions are used as such, or after dilution with any suitable solvent, such as water, petroleum hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, tar acid oil, cres'ol, anthracene oil, etc. Alcohols, particularly aliphatic alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, etc., may be employed as diluents. Miscellaneous solvents such as pine oil, carbon tetrachloride, sulfur dioxide extract obtained in the refining of petroleum, etc., may be employed as diluents. Similarly, the material or materials employed as the demulsifying agent of our process may be admixed with one or more ofthe solvents customarily used in connection with conventional demulsifying agents. Moreover, said material or materials may be used alone or in admixture with other suitable well-known classes of demulsifying agents.

It is well known that conventional demulsifying agents may be used in a water-soluble form,"or in an oil-soluble form, or in a form exhibiting both oiland watersolubility. Sometimes they may be used in a form which exhibits relatively limited oil-solubility. However, since such reagents are frequently used in a ratio of l to 10,000 or 1 to 20,000, or 1 to 30,000, or even 1 to 40,000, or 1 to 50,000 as in desalting practice, such an apparent insolubility in oil and water is not significant because said reagents undoubtedly have solubility within such concentrations. This same fact is true in regard to the material or materials of our invention when employed as demulsifying agents.

The materials of our invention, when employed as treating or demulsifying agents, are used in the conventional way, well known to the art, described, for example, in Patent 2,626,929, dated January 27, 1953, Part 3, and reference is made thereto for a description of conventional procedures of demulsifying, including batch, continuous,

and down-the-hole demulsification, the process essentially involving introduction of a small amount of demulsifier into a large amount of emulsion with adequate admixture with or without the application of heat, and allowing the mixture to stratify.

In many instances the oxyallcylated products herein specified as demulsifiers can be conveniently used without dilution. However, as previously noted, they may be diluted as desired with any suitable solvent. For instance, by mixing 75 parts by weight of an oxyalkylated derivative, for example, the product of Example 3e with 15 parts by weight of xylene and 10 parts by weight of isopropyl alcohol, an excellent demulsifier is obtained. Selection of the solvent will vary, depending upon the solubility characteristics of the oxyalkylated product, and of course will be dictated in part by economic considerations, i. e., cost.

As noted above, the products herein described may be used not only in diluted form, but also may be used admixed with some other chemical demulsifier. A mixture which illustrates such combination is the following:

Oxyalkylated derivative, for example, the product of Example 3e, 20%;

A cyclohexylamine salt of a polypropylated naphthalene monosulfonic acid, 24%;

An ammonium salt of a polypropylated naphthalene monosulfonic acid, 24%;

A sodium salt of oil-soluble mahogany petroleum sulfonic acid, 12%;

A high-boiling aromatic petroleum solvent, 15%; Isopropyl alcohol, 5%. The above proportions are all weight percents.

PART 10 The products, compounds, or the like, herein described can be employed for various purposes and particularly for the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the waterin-oil type as described in detail in Part 9, preceding.

Such products can be reacted with alkylene imines, such as ethylene imine or propylene imine, to produce cation-active materials. Instead of an imine one may employ what is a somewhat equivalent material, to wit, a dialkylaminoepoxypropane of the structure wherein R and R are alkyl groups.

It is not necessary to point out that, after reaction' with a reactant of the kind described which introduces a basic nitrogen atom, the resultant product can be employed for the resolution of emulsions of the waterin-oil type as described in Part 5, preceding, and also for other purposes described hereinafter.

Referring now to the use of the products obtained by reaction with a polyepoxide and certain specified oxyalkylated products obtained in the manner described in Part 7, preceding, it is to be noted that in addition to their use in the resolution of petroleum emulsions they may be used as emulsifying agents for oils, fats, and waxes, as ingredients in insecticide compositions, or as detergents and wetting agents in the laundering, scouring, drying, tanning and mordanting industries. They may also be used for preparing boring or metal-cutting oils and cattle dips, as metal pickling inhibitors, and for pharmaceutical purposes.

Not only do these oxyalkylated derivatives have utility as such but they can serve as initial materials for more complicated reactions of the kind ordinarily requiring a hydroxyl radical. This includes esterification, etherization, etc.

The oxyalkylated derivatives may be used as valuable additives to lubricating oils, both those derived from petroleum and synthetic lubricating oils. Also, they can be used as additives to hydraulic brake fluids of the aqueous and non-aqueous types. They may be used in connection with other processes where they are injected into an oil or gas well for purpose of removing a mud sheath, increasing the ultimate flow of fluid from the surrounding strata, and particularly in secondary recovery operations using aqueous flood waters. These derivatives also are suitable for use in dry cleaners soaps.

More specifically, such products, depending on the nature of the initial resin, the particular monoepoxide selected and the ratio of monoepoxide to resin, together with the particular polyepoxide employed, result in a variety of materials which are useful as wetting agents or surface tension reducing agents; as detergents, emulsifiers or dispersing agents; as additives for lubricants, both of the natural petroleum type and the synthetic, as additives in the flotation of ores, and at time as aids in chemical reactions insofar that demulsification is produced between the insoluble reactants. Furthermore, such products can be used for a variety of other purposes, including use as corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, asphalt additives, and at times even in the resolution of oil-in-water emulsions. They serve at times as mutual solvents promoting a homogeneous system from two otherwise insoluble phases.

The products herein described can be reacted with polycarboxy acids, such as phthalic acid or anhydride, maleic acid or anhydride, diglycolic acid, and various tricarboxy and tetracarboxy acidsv so as to yield acylated derivatives, particularly if one employs one mole of the polycarboxy acid for each reactive hydroxyl radical present in the final polyepoxide-treated product. Thus, one obtains a comparatively large molecule in which there is a plurality of carboxyl radicals. Such acidic fractional esters are suitable for the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type as herein described.

Having thus described our invention what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. A three-step manufacturing process involving (1) condensation; (2) oxyalkylation with a monoepoxide; and (3) oxyalkylation with a polyepoxide containing at least two 1,2-epoxy rings; said first manufacturing step being a method of (A) condensing (a) a fusible, non-oxygenated organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble, phenol-aldehyde resin having an average molecular weight, corresponding to at least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule; said resin being difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the formula in which R is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 and not more than 24 carbon atoms and substituted in the 2,4,6 position; (b) a basic nonhydroxylated secondary monoamine having up to 32 carbon atoms in any group attached to the amino nitrogen atom, and (0) formaldehyde; said condensation reaction being conducted at a temperature sufliciently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and resultants of reaction; and with the proviso that the resinous condensation product resulting from the process be heat-stable; followed as a second step by (B) oxyalkylation by means of an alpha-beta alkylene oxide having not more than 5 carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide and methylglycide; and then completing the reaction by a third step of (C) reacting said oxyalkylated resin condensate with a phenolic polyepoxide free from reactive functional groups other than 1,2-epoxy and hydroxyl groups and cogenerically associated compounds formed in the preparation of said polyepoxides, said epoxides being monomers and low molal polymers not exceeding the tetramers; said polyepoxides being selected from the class consisting of (aa) compounds where the pheno-' lic nuclei are directly joined without an intervening bridge radical, and (bb) compounds containing a radical in which 2 phenolic nuclei are joined by a divalent radical selected from the class consisting of ketone residues formed by the elimination of the ketonic oxygen atom, and aldehyde residues obtained by the elimination of the aldehyde oxygen atom, the divalent radical the divalent and the divalent disulfide radical SS-; said phenolic portion of the polyepoxide being obtained from a phenol of the structure in which R, R, and R' represent a member of the class consisting of hydrogen and saturated hydrocarbon substituents of the aromatic nucleus, said substituent member having not over 18 carbon atoms; with the further proviso that said reactive monoepoxide-oxyalkylated resin condensates and aryl polyepoxides be members of the .class consisting of non-thermosetting organic solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; with the added proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; said reaction between the monoepoxide oxyalkylated resin condensate and aryl diepoxide be conducted below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the resultants of reaction; and with the final proviso that the ratio of reactants be 2 moles of the oxyalkylated resin condensate to 1 mole of the phenolic polyepoxide.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursory phe- 39 nol contains at least 4 and not over 14 carbon atoms in the substituent radical;

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursory phenol contains at least 4 and not over 14 carbon atoms in the substituent radical and the precursory aldehyde is formaldehyde.

4. The product obtained by the method described in claim 1.

5. A three-step manufacturing process involving (1) condensation; (2) oxyalkylation with a monoepoxide; and (3) oxyalkylation with a diepoxide; said first manufacturing step being a method of (A) condensing (a) a fusible, non-oxygenated organic solvent-soluble, Waterinsoluble, phenol-aldehyde resin having an average molecular weight corresponding toat least 3 and not over 6 phenolic nuclei per resin molecule; said resin being difunctional only in regard to methylol-forming reactivity; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of tritiumtional phenols; said phenol being of the formula and formaldehyde; said condensation reaction being.

conducted at a temperature sufficiently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and resultants of reaction; and. with the proviso that the resinous-condensation product resulting from the process be heatstable; followed asa second step by (B) oxyalkylation by meansof an alpha-beta alkylene oxide having not more than 4 carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting; of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycideandtmethylglycide; and then completing the reactionby a thirdstep of (C) reacting said oxyalkylated resinscendensate withv a compound consisting essentially of the following formula:

with the further proviso that said reactive monoepoxideoxyalkylated resin condensates and aryl diepoxides be members of the class consisting of non-thermosetting organic solvent-soluble liquids and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; with the added proviso that the reaction product bea member of the class of solvent-soluble liquids. and solids melting below the point of pyrolysis; said reaction between the monoepoxide-oxyalkylation resin condensate and aryl diepoxide be conducted below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the resultants of reaction; and with the final proviso that the ratio of react ants be- 2 moles of the oxyalkylated resin condensate to 1 mole of the phenolic diepoxide.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 

1. A THREE-STEP MANUFACTURING PROCESS INVOLVING (1) CONDENSATION; (2) OXYALKYLATION WITH A MONOEPOXIDE; AND (3) OXYALKYLATION WITH A POLYEPOXIDE CONTAINING AT LEAST TWO 1,2-EPOXY RINGS; SAID FIRST MANUFACTURING STEP BEING A METHOD OF (A) CONDENSING (A) A FUSIBLE, NON-OXYGENATED ORGANIC SOLVENT-SOLUBLE, WATER-INSOLUBLE, PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESIN HAVING AN AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT, CORRESPONDING TO AT LEAST 3 AND NOT OVER 6 PHENOLIC NUCLEI PER RESIN MOLECULE; SAID RESIN BEING DIFUNCTIONAL ONLY IN REGARD TO METHYLOL-FORMING REACTIVITY; SAID RESIN BEING DERIVED BY REACTION BETWEEN A DIFUNCTIONAL MONOHYDRIC PHENOL AND AN ALDEHYDE HAVING NOT OVER 8 CARBON ATOMS AND REACTIVE TOWARD SAID PHENOL; SAID RESIN BEING FORMED IN THE SUBSTANTIAL ABSENCE OF TRIFUNCTIONAL PHENOLS; SAID PHENOL BEING OF THE FORMULA 